IHS Global: German adjusted unemployment

in January unexpectedly declines even more

sharply than before

 

Frankfurt/Main (31.1.17) – In January, seasonally adjusted German unemployment declined by 26,000 month-on-month (m/m) to 2.605 million, the lowest level since German re-unification in 1990.

This is particularly remarkable in view of relatively severe winter weather in January this year, which should have temporarily boosted joblessness in the construction sector. Unemployment has been enjoying a downward trend since mid-2009, interrupted only twice by modest upward corrections between April 2012 and November 2013 (by 82,000 in net terms) and in May/June 2014 (by 24,000). The latter was more technical than cyclical in nature, given weather and holiday timing effects. Importantly, even during the more pronounced increase in unemployment during 2012-13, there had been a large concurrent increase in the labour force, rendering the very limited reaction of unemployment to the slowdown in GDP growth quite remarkable and also helping to explain why employment continued to increase steadily in this time. The average monthly decline in unemployment between mid-2009 and the initial trough in March 2012 had been -18,000, followed by near-stagnation (only -2,000 per month) in the three-and-a-half subsequent years until October 2015, and now -11,000 per month over the past fifteen months. By contrast, employment has been increasing almost without interruption since March 2010, posting an average monthly increase of 34,000. This is almost four times the size of the average pace of unemployment declines in this period (-9,000), which demonstrates the robustness of the upward trend in the size of the labour force and therefore the extent of the underlying strengthening of the labour market in recent years.

 

The adjusted level of joblessness of 2.61 million in January compares to a preceding cyclical trough of 3.18 million in November 2008 (end to economic boom of 2006-08) and the post-Lehman crisis peak of 3.49 million in mid-2009. The adjusted unemployment rate now stands at a new record low for post-unification times of 5.9% (since 1992). The unemployment rate had been fluctuating in a narrow band of 6.7-7.0% for three years starting in September 2011, but started a fresh downward trend in October 2014. The latest (extrapolated) Labour Agency figures about firms‘ cyclically induced usage of short-time work schemes remain benign. In November, the latest month for which such data is available, 38,000 employees were affected (not adjusted for seasonal variations), which is up slightly from 36,000 in the previous month, but down from 52,000 in November 2015. This level represents only 2.6% of the peak of 1.44 million seen in May 2009. Furthermore, new applications for (cyclical) short-time work are estimated by the Agency at only 15,000 in December, down from around 18,000 during September-November and not far from the July 2016 multi-year trough of 11,000 (then linked to the summer holiday season). Separately, however, the Agency also states that the number of people benefiting from so-called active labour market policy measures (including that involving the activity of private firms) were up by 16.2% y/y in January, which represents another expansion following 14.2% y/y in December and 13.6% a quarter ago in October. The degree of government support and thus dampening effect on registered unemployment has been picking up since early 2016, reversing the diminishing tendency that had been observed for several years until end-2015. Indeed, a separate statistic showing underemployment as opposed to unemployment reveals that the former only declined (seasonally adjusted) by 16,000 m/m in January. On the bright side, underemployment had even increased by about 10,000 per month on average between March and October 2016, reflecting not least the greatly increased refugee inflow since mid-2015. In that sense the return even of underemployment data to a downward trend is quite encouraging.

 

Meanwhile, seasonally adjusted employment – data for which lags unemployment by one month – increased 24,000 in December, leading to a level of 43.56 million. The average increase of 25,000 during November-December compares favourably to the mere 8,000 average monthly increase during April-October 2016, which includes a one-off decline of 44,000 in July. Overall, the Labour Agency repeat that employment growth has slowed down during the second half of 2016. That being said, the most recent pace of employment growth towards end-2016 is not that much slower than the average monthly pace of 34,000 observed during the last seven years (since the upward trend began in March 2010). In cumulative terms, the latest level of employment is now 2.52 million higher than at the time of its previous cyclical peak of 41.04 million in February 2009, before the global crisis of 2007-08 exerted its (lagged) effect. By contrast, unemployment only declined by 0.67 million in this period. Since the economic recovery took hold from mid-2009 onwards, employment gains have persistently stayed well ahead of declines in unemployment, signalling an ongoing increase in the labour force.

 

Seasonally adjusted vacancies increased 9,000 in January, broadly returning to the monthly average seen during 2015. This compares to only 5,000 on average between February and November 2016. The upward trend observed since mid-2013 is therefore fully intact. Vacancies reached a new cyclical and also all-time peak of 697,000 in January. The upward trend in the previous cycle had begun at around 280,000 in mid-2009, leading to an interim high at 501,000 in January 2012, whereas the latest improvement had already started from a much higher low-point of 449,000 in June 2013.

 

Overall, labour market conditions remain remarkably healthy in Germany. The boosting effect that the Eurozone debt crisis had on German unemployment during 2012-13 was a very mild one that was already fully unwound by late 2014. Since mid-2009, there has been a persisting underlying downward tendency for joblessness, an important factor bolstering German consumer demand. At the same time, employment developments have additionally been helped by the ongoing increase in the labour force, not least due to rising migration from troubled Eurozone countries and Eastern Europe. The massive increase in the refugee influx (mostly from the war-torn Middle East) since mid-2015 will strengthen this tendency in 2017-18 as more and more asylum seekers obtain right of residence, although by the same token unemployment should eventually receive upward impulses from an increasing number of refugees who are attempting to enter the labour market following the completion of qualification measures (language skills; specific work skills). Administrative lags involved in processing asylum applications have meant that German labour market statistics will only be reflecting the refugee surge that started around mid-2015 with a delay of one-and-a-half to two years. Meanwhile, the construction sector enjoys structurally robust demand conditions, partly related to sharply rising immigration but also due to government policies encouraging additional investment in infrastructure. The economy enjoys ongoing support from sharply lower oil price levels than until mid-2014, a soft euro, and the ECB’s ongoing policy of quantitative easing.

 

Following GDP growth of only 0.6-0.7% in 2012-13, acceleration to a range of 1.5-2.0% has been observed since 2014. The latest IHS forecast published in mid-January foresees growth of 1.8% in 2016 and 1.9% in 2017, the latter having been raised from 1.7% predicted in the November round. The encouraging signals from leading indicators (notably the Ifo business climate survey and the PMI indices) since September suggest that growth has accelerated in late 2016 and early 2017. Construction output and public consumption, the latter also reflecting refugees’ subsistence needs, will remain supportive elements that are not affected by any negative international developments. As we estimate Germany’s current rate of potential growth to be in a range of 1.25-1.50%, the German economy will thus run somewhat above capacity during 2017 and likely also 2018. Owing to the refugee factor – given rising numbers being officially granted asylum, completing qualification measures, and then looking for work – IHS nonetheless expects headline unemployment to eventually bottom out and start rising, but this anticipated development now appears to be delayed by several more months. In annual average terms, the unemployment rate is likely to slip from 6.1% in 2016 to 5.9% in 2017, but to edge back up to slightly above the 6% level during 2018-19. This anticipated mild deterioration of the unemployment statistic should go hand-in-hand with further growth in employment and thus income.

 

Finally, the general shift towards increased immigration since 2011, with considerably increased momentum observed during second-half 2015 and early 2016, has substantially changed demographic dynamics and thus the long-term outlook. The working-age population and also labour supply will not decline any time soon, instead increasing further at least for several years.

Timo Klein, Principal Economist | IHS Markit Economics